<b>Doctor of Medicine</b> (abbreviated <b>M.D.</b>, from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i>Medicinae Doctor</i>) is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_degree" title="Medical degree">medical degree</a>, the meaning of which varies between different jurisdictions. In the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and some other countries, the M.D. denotes a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">professional degree</a>. This generally arose because many in 18th-century medical professions trained in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, which used the M.D. degree nomenclature. In England, however, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</a> was used and eventually in the 19th century became the standard in Scotland too. Thus, in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> and other countries, the M.D. is a research <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctorate</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">honorary</a>&#10; doctorate or applied clinical degree restricted to those who already &#10;hold a professional degree (Bachelor's/Master's/Doctoral) in medicine. &#10;In those countries, the equivalent professional degree to the North &#10;American, and some others' usage of M.D. is still typically titled &#10;Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.B.B.S." class="mw-redirect" title="M.B.B.S.">M.B.B.S.</a>).<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine#cite_note-2"></a>